Reemplazo esofágico mínimamente invasivo con tubo de Akiyama en un paciente pediátrico con quemadura esofágica / Minimally invasive esophageal replacement with Akiyama tube in a pediatric patient with esophageal burn

Introducción. La ingesta de cáusticos continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en los países en vía de desarrollo, por lo que a veces es necesario realizar un reemplazo esofágico en estos pacientes. Aún no existe una técnica estandarizada para este procedimiento. Caso clínico. Masculino de 10 años con estenosis esofágica por ingesta de cáusticos, quien no mejoró con las dilataciones endoscópicas. Se realizó un ascenso gástrico transhiatal por vía ortotópica mediante cirugía mínimamente invasiva como manejo quirúrgico definitivo .Discusión. Actualmente existen varios tipos de injertos usados en el reemplazo esofágico. La interposición colónica y gástrica son las que cuentan con mayores estudios, mostrando resultados similares. Conclusiones. La elección del tipo y posición del injerto debe ser individualizada, tomando en cuenta las características de las lesiones y la anatomía de cada paciente para aumentar la tasa de éxito.

Introduction. The ingestion of caustics continues to be a public health problem in developing countries, which is why sometimes is necessary to perform an esophageal replacement in these patients. There is still no standardized technique for this procedure. Clinical case. A 10-year-old male with esophageal stricture due to caustic ingestion, who did not improve with endoscopic dilations. A laparoscopic transhiatal gastric lift was performed orthotopically as definitive surgical management using minimally invasive surgery. Discussion. Currently there are several types of grafts used in esophageal replacement. Colonic and gastric interposition are the ones that have the most studies, showing similar results. Conclusions. Choice of type and position of the graft must be individualized, taking into account the characteristics of the lesions and anatomy of each patient, in order to increase the success rate.

Esophagocele due to two times caustic ingestions: resection through videothoracoscopy / Esofagocele por duas ingestões cáusticas: ressecção por videotoracoscopia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Caustic ingestion is still a health problem of utmost importance in the West. In developing countries, this incident remains at increase and it is associated with unfavorable factors like social, economic, and educational handicaps, besides a lack of prevention. Esophagocele is a rare consequence of caustic ingestion. AIM: We aimed to describe a patient with multiple caustic ingestions who presented an esophagocele resected by videothoracoscopy. METHODS: A woman ingested caustic soda when she was only 17 years old in a suicidal attempt during a depressive crisis. Initially, she was submitted to a retrosternal esophagocoloplasty with the maintenance of her damaged esophagus. After 1 year of this first surgery, she ingested caustic soda again in a new suicidal attempt. Her transposed large bowel in the first surgery became narrow, being replaced in a second surgery by a retrosternal esophagogastroplasty. Still, at the second surgery, her damaged esophagus remained in its original position in the posterior mediastinum. However, after 5 years, she developed an esophagocele. RESULTS: The esophagocele was resected through videothoracoscopy in a prone position, employing four trocars. The postoperative was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Esophageal exclusion must always be recorded because esophagocele presents unspecific symptoms. The videothoracoscopy in a prone position is an excellent technical option to resect esophagoceles.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A ingestão de produtos cáusticos ainda é um problema de saúde de extrema importância no Ocidente. Nos países em desenvolvimento, este incidente continua em ascensão e está associada a fatores desfavoráveis como sociais, econômicos e educacionais, além da falta de prevenção. A esofagocele é uma consequência rara da ingestão de cáusticos. OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo é descrever um paciente com múltiplas ingestões cáusticas que apresentou uma esofagocele ressecada por videotoracoscopia. MÉTODOS: Doente feminina que ingeriu soda cáustica com 17 anos de idade, como tentativa de suicídio, durante uma crise depressiva. Inicialmente, foi submetida a esofagocoloplastia retroesternal com manutenção do esôfago lesado. Após um ano desta primeira cirurgia, voltou a ingerir soda cáustica, em nova tentativa de suicídio. Seu intestino grosso transposto na primeira cirurgia tornou-se estenosado, sendo substituído em uma segunda cirurgia, por esofagogastroplastia retroesternal. Ainda assim, nesta segunda cirurgia, o esôfago lesado permaneceu em sua posição original no mediastino posterior. No entanto, após cinco anos, ela desenvolveu uma esofagocele. RESULTADOS: A esofagocele foi ressecada por videotoracoscopia, em decúbito ventral, empregando-se quatro trocartes. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: A exclusão esofágica deve ser sempre registrada, pois a esofagocele apresenta sintomas inespecíficos. A videotoracoscopia em posição prona é uma excelente opção técnica para ressecção de esofagoceles.

Papel do fonoaudiólogo na disfagia por ingestão cáustica em crianças: revisão sistemática / Papel del terapeuta del habla y lenguaje en niños con disfagia por ingestión cáustica: una revisión sistemática / Role of speech language therapist in children in dysphagia due to caustic ingestion: a systematic review

Objetivo: Verificar o papel do fonoaudiólogo no gerenciamento da disfagia por ingestão cáustica em crianças. Estratégia de pesquisa: Bases: PubMed, SciELO e Bireme, pelo Medical Subject Heading Terms (MeSH); termos: [("Dysphagia") AND ("Children") AND ("Caustic")]. Critérios de seleção: Restrição quanto ao período de publicação de 5 anos e incluídos artigos com atuação fonoaudiológica, informações sobre via de alimentação, pediatria e queimadura por cáusticos. Resultados: Cinco artigos incluídos com crianças de 11 meses a 12 anos. A estenose esofágica tardia ocorreu na maioria dos estudos e todos relataram disfagia. Todos realizaram avaliação da deglutição antes e após tratamento médico para determinar a gravidade e a necessidade de via alternativa de alimentação. Conclusão: A atuação fonoaudiológica nestes casos compreende avaliar e auxiliar o manejo da alimentação e, na impossibilidade de via oral, na indicação de via alternativa em conjunto com a equipe.

Objective: To assess the role of the speech-language therapist in the management of dysphagia due to caustic ingestion in children. Research strategy: Databases: PubMed, SciELO, and BIREME, by Medical Subject Heading Terms (MeSH); terms: [("Dysphagia") and ("Children") and ("Caustic")]. Selection criteria: A 5 year restriction period of publication and articles with speech therapy, information on feeding, pediatrics and burn by caustics were included. Results: Five articles were included with children with 11 months to 12 years. The late esophageal stenosis was present in the majority of studies and all reported dysphagia. All carried out the evaluation of swallowing before and after medical treatment to determine the severity and the necessity of the use of an alternative food supply. Conclusion: Speech therapy in the management in these cases comprise of evaluating and assisting the management of oral intake, and when this is not possible orally, to indicate an alternative food supply in conjunction with the team.

Objetivo: evaluar el papel del logopeda en el tratamiento de la disfagia por ingestión cáustica en niños. Estrategia de investigación: Bases de datos: PubMed, SciELO y BIREME, por Medical Subject Heading Terms (MeSH); términos: [("Disfagia") y ("Niños") y ("Cáustico")]. Criterios de selección: Se incluyó un período de restricción de publicación de 5 años y artículos con terapia del habla, información sobre alimentación, pediatría y quemaduras por cáusticos. Resultados: se incluyeron cinco artículos con niños de 11 meses a 12 años. La estenosis esofágica tardía estuvo presente en la mayoría de los estudios y todos informaron disfagia. Todos llevaron a cabo la evaluación de la deglución antes y después del tratamiento médico para determinar la gravedad y la necesidad del uso de un suministro de alimentos alternativo. Conclusión: La terapia del habla en el manejo en estos casos consiste en evaluar y ayudar al manejo del suministro de alimentos, y cuando esto no es posible por vía oral, para indicar un suministro de alimentos alternativo en conjunto con el equipo.

A Case of Cement Hardening Agent Intoxication with Acute Kidney Injury

Chronic silica nephropathy has been associated with tubulointerstitial disease, immune-mediated multisystem disease, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease. On the other hand, acute intentional exposure is extremely rare. The authors' experienced a 44-year-old man who took rapid cement hardener (sodium silicate) in a suicide attempt whilst in a drunken state. He visited the emergency department approximately 1 hour after ingestion. Information on the material was obtained after 3 L gastric lavage. The patient complained of a sore throat, epigastric pain, and swollen to blood tinged vomitus. Proton pump inhibitors, hemostats, steroid, and fluids were administered. Nine hours after ingestion, he was administered 200 mL hematochezia. Immediately after, a gastroenterologist performed an endoscopic procedure that revealed diffuse hyperemic mucosa with a color change and variable sized ulceration in the esophagus, whole stomach, and duodenal 2(nd) portion. Approximately 35 hours later, persistent oligouria and progressive worsening of the renal function parameters (BUN/Cr from 12.2/1.2 to 67.5/6.6 mg/dL) occurred requiring hemodialysis. The patient underwent 8 sessions of hemodialysis for 1 month and the BUN/Cr level increased to 143.2/11.2 mg/dL and decreased to 7.6/1.5 mg/dL. He was discharged safely from the hospital. Follow up endoscopy revealed a severe esophageal stricture and he underwent endoscopic bougie dilatation. Acute cement hardener (sodium silicate) intoxication can cause renal failure and strong caustic mucosal injury. Therefore, it is important to consider early hemodialysis and treatment to prevent gastrointestinal injury and remote esophageal stricture.

Resultados de la cirugía de reconstrucción esofágica en pacientes pediátricos con patología esofágica compleja en dos hospitales de alto nivel de Medellín, Colombia, 2006-2016 / Esophageal reconstruction results in surgery of pediatric patients with complex esophageal pathology in two high level hospitals of Medellín, Colombia, 2006-2016 / Resultados da cirurgia de reconstrução esofágica em pacientes pediátricos com patologia esofágica complexa em dois hospitais de alto nível de Medellín, Colômbia, 2006-2016

RESUMEN Objetivos: el esófago difícil (complejo) representa la vía final común de un conjunto de enfermedades que requieren múltiples procedimientos o cirugía de reemplazo esofágico; ya sea porque desde el inicio es la única alternativa de manejo o porque han fallado previamente otros tipos de intervenciones menos radicales. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los resultados de la cirugía de reconstrucción esofágica en pacientes con patología esofágica compleja en dos hospitales de alto nivel de Medellín (Colombia) entre el 1° enero de 2006 y el 31 de junio de 2016. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) y el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (HSVF), recopilando 40 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: el diagnóstico más frecuente de esófago difícil corresponde a atresia de esófago, seguido de quemadura esofágica. Las causas directas de la condición fueron estenosis esofágicas persistentes, fístulas traqueoesofágicas recurrentes, fístulas esofagopleurales y brecha larga. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas fueron en orden de frecuencia: ascenso gástrico, corrección de la fístula, interposición de colon, esofagostomía más gastrostomía, resección, anastomosis y esofagoplastias. Las principales complicaciones posoperatorias fueron la estenosis, las fístulas, la infección del sitio operatorio y los trastornos funcionales. Conclusiones: los niños con patología esofágica compleja representan un reto para los cirujanos pediátricos, tanto por la dificultad de los procedimientos a los que son sometidos como por la morbilidad de las enfermedades que conllevan y de las cirugías que requieren para dar continuidad al tracto digestivo.

SUMMARY Introduction: complex esophagus represents a final condition that occurs secondary to diseases that require multiple procedures or esophageal replacement surgery, either because it is the only treatment or because others interventions have failed. Our objective is to describe the results of esophageal reconstruction surgery in patients with complex esophageal pathology attended in two high-level hospitals in Medellin, Colombia, between January 1- 2006 and June 31- 2016. Methods: descriptive and retrospective study with review of clinical records at Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) and Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (HSVF), collecting 40 patients. Results: the most frequent diagnosis was esophageal atresia, followed by esophageal burn. The main causes that led these patients to be classified as complex esophagus were persistent esophageal strictures, recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas, esophageal fistulas and the long gap. The surgical interventions were in order of frequency: gastric replacement, closure of the fistula, colon replacement, esophagostomy and gastrostomy, resection and anastomosis and esophagoplasty. The main postoperative complications of patients undergoing esophageal reinterventions or esophageal replacement were stenosis, fistulas, surgical site infection and functional disorders. Conclusions: children with complex esophageal pathology represent a challenge for pediatric surgeons, because of the difficulty of the procedures they undergo as well as the morbidity of their diseases and surgeries they require to give continuity to their digestive tract.

RESUMO As crianças com patologia esofágica complexa representam um desafio para os cirurgiões pediátricos, tanto pela dificuldade dos procedimentos aos que são submetidos, como pela morbidez das doenças que implicam e das cirurgias que requerem para dar continuidade ao trato digestivo. O objetivo do estudo é descrever os resultados da cirurgia de reconstrução esofágica em pacientes com patologia esofágica complexa, definida como a falha no manejo endoscópico ou na cirurgia de reparação inicial em dois hospitais de alto nível de Medellín, Colômbia entre o dia 1° janeiro de 2006 e o dia 31 de junho de 2016. Se revisaram as histórias do Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) e Hospital San Vicente Fundación (HSVF), recopilando 40 pacientes. O diagnóstico mais frequente de esôfago difícil corresponde a atresia de esôfago, seguido de queimadura esofágica. As principais causas que levaram a estes pacientes a catalogarse como esôfago complexo foram: estenose esofágicas persistentes e fístulas traqueoesofágicas recorrentes, fístulas esôfago-pleurais e brecha longa. As intervenções cirúrgicas foram em ordem de frequência: Ascenso gástrico, correção da fístula, interposição de colón, esofagostomia mais gastrostomia, ressecção, anastomose e esofagoplastias. Apresentam-se as principais complicações pós-operatórias e o tempo de estância hospitalar, nutrição parenteral e em reiniciar a via oral, ademais, mostramos o seguimento pós-cirúrgico.

Cromoscopia vital com Lugol versus cromoscopia óptica na detecção de câncer de esôfago em pacientes com estenoses cáusticas esofagianas / Lugol's iodine chromoendoscopy versus narrow band image enhanced endoscopy for the detection of esophageal cancer in patients with stenosis secondary to caustic/corrosive agent ingestion

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The diagnosis of corrosion cancer should be suspected in patients with corrosive ingestion if after a latent period of negligible symptoms there is development of dysphagia, or poor response to dilatation, or if respiratory symptoms develop in an otherwise stable patient of esophageal stenosis. Narrow Band Imaging detects superficial squamous cell carcinoma more frequently than white-light imaging, and has significantly higher sensitivity and accuracy compared with white-light. OBJECTIVE To determinate the clinical applicability of Narrow Band Imaging versus Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy for detection of early esophageal cancer in patients with caustic/corrosive agent stenosis. METHODS Thirty-eight patients, aged between 28-84 were enrolled and examined by both Narrow Band Imaging and Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy. A 4.9mm diameter endoscope was used facilitating examination of a stenotic area without dilation. Narrow Band Imaging was performed and any lesion detected was marked for later biopsy. Then, Lugol´s solution chromoendoscopy was performed and biopsies were taken at suspicious areas. Patients who had abnormal findings at the routine, Narrow Band Imaging or Lugol´s solution chromoscopy exam had their stenotic ring biopsied. RESULTS We detected nine suspicious lesions with Narrow Band Imaging and 14 with Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy. The sensitivity and specificity of the Narrow Band Imaging was 100% and 80.6%, and with Lugol´s chromoscopy 100% and 66.67%, respectively. Five (13%) suspicious lesions were detected both with Narrow Band Imaging and Lugol's chromoscopy, two (40%) of these lesions were confirmed carcinoma on histopathological examination. CONCLUSION Narrow Band Imaging is an applicable option to detect and evaluate cancer in patients with caustic /corrosive stenosis compared to the Lugol´s solution chromoscopy.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A suspeita do câncer de esôfago na lesão cáustica ocorre quando os pacientes com estenoses previamente estáveis, após um período latente sem sintomas, apresentam disfagia, baixa resposta as dilatações ou sintomas respiratórios. A cromoscopia com luz de banda estreita detecta o câncer superficial de esôfago mais frequentemente que a luz branca, com alta sensibilidade e acurácia. OBJETIVO Determinar a aplicabilidade clínica da luz de banda estreita versus a cromoscopia vital com Lugol na detecção do câncer precoce de esôfago em pacientes com lesões cáusticas. MÉTODOS Um total de 38 pacientes, entre 28 e 84 anos, foram alocados seguidamente e submetidos à cromoscopia com luz de banda estreita e com Lugol. Um gastroscópio de 4,9 mm de diâmetro foi usado para facilitar o exame da área estenosada, sem necessidade de dilatação. A cromoscopia com luz de banda estreita era realizada primeiro e as áreas suspeitas anotadas. Depois, a cromoscopia com Lugol era realizada e as áreas suspeitas biopsiadas. RESULTADOS Detectamos nove lesões suspeitas com a luz de banda estreita e 14 com o Lugol. A sensibilidade e especificidade da cromoscopia com luz de banda estreita foi de 100% e 80,6%, e a do Lugol foi de 100% e 66,67% respectivamente. Cinco (13%) lesões suspeitas foram detectadas coincidentemente pelos dois métodos, sendo duas (40%) com diagnóstico anatomopatológico de câncer de esôfago. CONCLUSÃO A cromoscopia com luz de banda estreita é opção concreta para o diagnóstico de câncer em pacientes com estenoses esofágicas por corrosões cáusticas, comparado a cromoscopia com Lugol.

Evaluación de lesiones esofágicas secundarias a la ingesta de sustancias cáusticas no rotuladas: Serie de casos pediátricos / Evaluation of esophageal injuries secondary to ingestion of unlabeled corrosive substances: pediatric case series

Las lesiones esofágicas o gástricas secundarias a la ingesta de sustancias cáusticas siguen siendo un problema importante en los países en vías de desarrollo. El espectro clínico puede variar desde la ausencia de una lesión en la mucosa hasta complicaciones tales como quemaduras graves, estenosis y perforación. El examen físico y la evaluación endoscópica inicial son sumamente importantes para el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar los casos de 154 niños sometidos a una endoscopía digestiva alta debido a la ingesta de sustancias cáusticas, entre otras, desincrustante químico, desengrasante, lavandina no rotulada, limpiador de tuberías de desagüe, limpiador de superficies, abrillantador de vajilla y ácido clorhídrico. Se observaron signos orofaríngeos positivos en 69 niños. Con la endoscopía inicial, se hallaron quemaduras en 63 niños; en 40, las quemaduras eran graves. Durante el seguimiento, se produjo estenosis en 20 niños, que fueron incluidos en el programa de dilatación. Entre ellos, fue posible dilatar e inyectar corticoides intralesionales satisfactoriamente a 14 niños. Sin embargo, tres niños fueron sometidos a una interposición de colon, y otros tres, a una gastroduodenostomía y gastroyeyunostomía.

Esophageal or gastric injuries secondary to caustic substance ingestion is still an important issue in developing countries. Its clinical spectrum can vary from absence of mucosal injury to complications such as severe burns, strictures and perforation. Physical examination and first endoscopic evaluation are very important in the diagnosis. The objective of this study is to present 154 children who were undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy because of caustic substance ingestion including descaler, degreaser, unlabeled bleach, drain opener, surface cleaner, dishwasher rinse aid, hydrochloric acid. Sixty-nine children had positive oropharyngeal findings. Sixty-three children were found to have burns in the first endoscopic examination and forty of these burns were severe burn. In the follow-up, twenty children developed strictures that were undergone dilatation program. Fourteen children in the dilatation program had successful dilatation and intralesional steroid injection. However three children had undergone colonic interposition and three undergone laparoscopic gastroduodenostomy and gastrojejunostomy.

EXPOSIÇÕES TÓXICAS EM CRIANÇAS A SANEANTES DE USO DOMICILIAR DE VENDA LEGAL E CLANDESTINA / TOXIC EXPOSURES IN CHILDREN INVOLVING LEGALLY AND ILLEGALLY COMMERCIALIZED HOUSEHOLD SANITIZERS

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar e comparar as repercussões clínicas dos acidentes com saneantes de uso domiciliar de origem legal e ilegal (clandestina) em crianças menores de 7 anos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com dados obtidos dos prontuários eletrônicos do Centro de Informações e Assistência Toxicológica de referência regional, no período de um ano completo. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas não paramétricas e de testes de associação. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 737 casos. A maioria das exposições ocorreu em crianças menores de 3 anos (mediana: 1 ano, intervalo interquartil: 1-3 anos) na residência habitual (92,9%) e por ingestão (97,2%). Os produtos envolvidos foram saneantes de baixa toxicidade sem efeito cáustico (38,9%), com efeito cáustico (24,1%), hidrocarbonetos (19,3%), inseticidas/raticidas (16,6%), e outros produtos (1,1%). Setenta casos decorreram de exposições a produtos clandestinos, principalmente cáusticos (n=47) e raticidas (n=15). Entre as 337 crianças que apresentaram manifestações clínicas pós-exposição, as ocorrências mais frequentes foram vômitos (n=125), queimaduras orais (n=74), tosse (n=35), salivação (n=26) e dor abdominal (n=25), significativamente mais comum com produtos clandestinos (55/70 versus 282/667; p<0,01). Dezenove crianças foram hospitalizadas (cáusticos, n=17; produtos clandestinos, n=12; mediana do tempo de internação: 2 dias), e 22 foram submetidas à endoscopia digestiva alta (hidróxido de sódio, n=14; produtos clandestinos, n=14), com alterações em 12 casos (grave=2). Não houve óbitos. Conclusões: Exposições tóxicas a saneantes de uso domiciliar de origem clandestina estão associadas com maior morbidade quando comparadas aos de venda autorizada.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze and to compare clinical repercussions of accidents involving legally and illegally commercialized household sanitizers in children under 7 years of age. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data from electronic database of a regional Poison Control Center during one year. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive non-parametric statistics and association tests. Results: The sample had 737 reported cases. Most of the accidents occurred with children under 3 years of age (median: 1 year of age; interquartile interval: 1-3 years of age), at home (92.9%), by ingestion (97.2%). Products involved were cleaning products with low toxicity and no caustic effects (38.9%); caustics (24.1%); hydrocarbons (19.3%); pesticides/rodenticides (16.6%), and other products (1.1%). Seventy accidents were due to exposures to illegal products, mainly caustics (n=47) and rodenticides (n=15). Among the 337 children presenting post-exposure clinical manifestations, the most frequent were vomiting (n=125), oral burns (n=74), cough (n=35), drooling (n=26), and abdominal pain (n=25). Clinical manifestations were significantly more frequent after illegal products exposure (55/70 versus 282/667, p<0.01). Nineteen children had to be hospitalized (caustics, n=17; illegal products, n=12; median time of hospitalization: 2 days), 22 were submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy (sodium hydroxide, n=14; illegal products, n=14); and 12 cases had endoscopic alterations (severe in 2). No deaths occurred. Conclusion: Toxic exposures owing to illegal household sanitizer products are associated with greater morbidity when compared with legal ones.

Caustic ingestion in children in south of Iran: Retrospective study from Shiraz - Iran / Ingestión de cáusticos en niños del sur de Irán: Estudio retrospectivo de Shiraz - Irán

Caustic ingestion is a major health concern in both developed and developing countries, that may lead to serious esophageal injury. The clinical presentation of caustic ingestion in children vary from asymptomatic to serious and fatal sequelae, such as perforation and stricture formation. Objective: Due to the lack of a comprehensive study in our area, this study has evaluated clinical and endoscopic manifestations and complications of caustic ingestion in children in south of Iran. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed 75 children with caustic ingestion who admitted in Nemazee Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Science during 6 years (2006-2011). Sign and symptoms were recorded for each case. Results: The most common symptoms were dysphagia, oral lesions, vomiting, and drooling. Esophageal injuries were detected in both acid and alkali ingestion, but gastric injuries was significantly more in acid ingestion. During follow up period, 20% of all cases developed esophageal stricture. Conclusion: Dysphagia, oral lesions, vomiting, and drooling were the most common findings. Esophageal stricture was found in 20% of cases during 3 months of follow up.

La ingestión de cáusticos es una gran preocupación de salud tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo, que puede llevar a lesiones esofágicas graves. La presentación clínica de la ingestión de cáusticos en niños varía desde asintomática hasta tener secuelas fatales, como perforación y/o estenosis. Objetivo: Debido a la ausencia de estudios en nuestra área, este estudio ha evaluado las manifestaciones clínicas, endoscópicas y las complicaciones de la ingesta de cáusticos en niños en el sur de Irán. Materiales y métodos: En estudio retrospectivo, revisamos 75 niños con ingesta de cáusticos que ingresaron al Nemazee Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Science durante 6 años (2006-2011). Los signos y síntomas fueron recolectados para cada caso. Resultados: Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron disfagia, lesiones orales, vómitos y salivación. Las lesiones esofágicas se detectaron tanto en ingestión de ácido como de álcali, pero las lesiones gástricas fueron definitivamente más frecuentes con la ingestión de ácidos. Durante el periodo de seguimiento el 20% de los casos desarrolló estrechez esofágica. Conclusión: La disfagia, lesiones orales, vómitos y salivación fueron los hallazgos más comunes. La estrechez esofágica se encontró en el 20% de los casos durante los tres meses de seguimiento de los pacientes.

A Case of Delayed Tracheo-esophageal Fistula Complicating Acute Intoxication of Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is a commonly used oxidizing agent. If injected, it may result in morbidity via direct caustic injury, oxygen gas formation, and lipid peroxidation. We report a 40-year-old male patient who accidentally swallowed undiluted hydrogen peroxide (35%). The initial chest computed tomography scan showed no active lesions. He was admitted to the intensive care unit for conservative treatment. Fourteen days after treatment, uncontrolled fever and foul oder sputum occurred, which was not alleviated despite empirical antibiotics therapy. Findings on a chest computed tomography showed tracheo-esophageal fistula at the lower trachea and left main bronchus. He underwent surgical replacement surgery and was discharged without complication after 52 days of admission.

Uso de corticoides sistémicos en esofagitis caustica: Reporte de dos casos

La exposición a sustancias potencialmente tóxicas representa un 0,3% de las visitas anuales a un servicio de urgencias pediátricas, siendo una situación susceptible de ser prevenida y que genera una morbimortalidad no despreciable. La vía de exposición más frecuente es la oral y los medicamentos son los productos más frecuentemente involucrados. La esofagitis cáustica por ingestión de sustancias corrosivas en la infancia constituye actualmente un problema de salud pública en los países en vías de desarrollo. Las manifestaciones clínicas varían desde ausencia de lesiones hasta compromiso grave con alto riesgo de muerte, observándose con mayor frecuencia en pacientes entre uno a tres años de edad. Además de la perforación, la complicación más severa de la esofagitis cáustica es la formación de estenosis, la cual ocurre con una frecuencia del 5% hasta el 47% en los casos más graves. El papel de los corticoides sistémicos en la prevención de estenosis esofágica cáustica es aun considerada controversial, a pesar de los múltiples reportes publicados que demuestran su beneficio. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes pediátricos con esofagitis caustica Zargar IIB que recibieron corticoides sistémicos con evolución favorable

Exposure to potentially toxic substances represents 0.3% of annual visits to a pediatric emergency department, being a situation likely to be prevented and that generates a non-negligible morbidity and mortality. The most common route of exposure is the oral and drugs are the products most frequently involved. Esophagitis caustic ingestion of corrosive substances in childhood is now a public health problem in developing countries. Clinical manifestations vary from no injuries serious commitment to high risk of death observed more frequently in patients between one and three years old. In addition to drilling, the most severe complication of esophagitis is caustic stricture formation, which occurs at a frequency of 5% to 47% in severe cases. The role of systemic corticosteroids in preventing caustic esophageal stenosis is still considered controversial, despite the many published reports showing your benefit. We report two cases of pediatric patients with caustic esophagitis IIB Zargar who received systemic corticosteroids with favorable evolution

Upper airway obstruction resulting from acute mucosal injury induced by direct ingestion of sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate powder

A 59-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of sore throat after swallowing sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate powder for bowel preparation, without first dissolving it in water. The initial evaluation showed significant mucosal injury involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and epiglottis. Endotracheal intubation was performed for airway protection in the emergency department, because the mucosal swelling resulted in upper airway compromise. After conservative treatment in the intensive care unit, he underwent tracheostomy because stenosis of the supraglottic and subglottic areas was not relieved. The tracheostomy tube was successfully removed after confirming recovery, and he was discharged 3 weeks after admission.

An Intractable Caustic Esophageal Stricture Successfully Managed with Sequential Treatment Comprising Incision with an Insulated-Tip Knife, Balloon Dilation, and an Oral Steroid

Bougie or balloon dilation is a good short-term treatment for caustic esophageal strictures, although recurrence after dilation occurs in approximately 30% of these cases. Therefore, long-term treatment options are required in some cases, and endoscopic incisional therapy has been used for patients with an anastomotic stricture in the gastrointestinal tract. A 58-year-old woman presented with severe swallowing difficulty because of a caustic esophageal stricture, which was caused by accidental exposure to anhydrous acetic acid at infancy. She had undergone several previous bougie and balloon dilations but the stricture did not improve. We performed sequential treatment comprising incision with an insulated-tip knife, balloon dilation, and an oral steroid, which resulted in the patient’s symptoms markedly improving. Thus, we report this case of an intractable caustic esophageal stricture, which was successfully treated using combined endoscopic sequential treatment.

A Case of Upper Airway and Esophageal Injury after Ingestion of Sodium Picosulfate and Magnesium Citrate for Colonoscopy

Sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate are widely used low volume bowel cleansing agents considered to be effective and relatively safe. We describe a case of a woman who presented with an upper airway and esophageal injury after ingestion of a sodium picofulfate and magnesium citrate. A 63-year-old woman presented to emergency department complaining of throat pain and hoarseness after ingestion of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate as preparation for colonoscopy. This powder is dissolved in a low volume of water. She had ingested the substance that was not completely dissolved. After ingestion, she experienced a burning sensation in the throat. Promptly, neck radiography and computed tomography (CT) were performed. Radiography revealed epiglottis swelling and narrowing airway. Computed tomography demonstrated diffuse soft tissue edema and thickening with increased enhancement in the upper airway and entire esophagus. She was admitted and treated with parenteral nutrition, intravenous proton pump inhibitor, empirical antibiotics, and steroids. Nine days after the admission, she underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Esophageal multiple ulcerative lesions with exudate were observed. Twelve days after admission, she was discharged from the hospital with improvement of pain in her throat and toleration to a solid diet.

Hematological Parameters Predicting Complications of Caustic Ingestion: A Retrospective Study

PURPOSE: In addition to chemical burn of the alimentary tract, caustic ingestion can cause severe complications including esophageal perforation, airway edema, esophageal stricture, and death. Hematological parameters have been reported to be useful inflammatory markers predicting prognoses in various clinical situations where oxidative stress is increased. We hypothesized that hematological parameters might be useful for prediction of complications after caustic ingestion. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to our Emergency Department after caustic ingestion. The numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were compared between uncomplicated and complicated patient groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed for parameters that differed between the two groups. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the substance ingested, thus acid or alkali. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included in our study and eight had complications. Leukocyte, neutrophil counts, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio of the complicated group were higher than those of the uncomplicated group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of leukocyte counts, neutrophil counts, and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio, were 0.819, 0.832, and 0.750, respectively. The cut-off values of these parameters for prediction of complications were 12 060/uL, 9607/uL, and 2.72, respectively. In subgroup analysis, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio of complicated patients who had ingested alkali were higher than those of the uncomplicated group. CONCLUSION: Leukocyte counts, neutrophil counts, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio might serve as useful predictors of complications after ingestion of caustic substances.

Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis by Initial Endoscopic Severity in Caustic Injury

PURPOSE: We investigated comparison of clinical characteristics and prognosis by initial endoscopic severity in caustic injury and then discussed predisposing factors which can be helpful in predicting the prognosis and determining the treatment. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of medical records from patients over the age of 15, who underwent initial endoscopy for caustic injury from April 2007 through November 2014. Patients were classified according to two groups based on the initial endoscopic finding by Zargar's classification: patients with grade 0, I, IIa at esophagus (low risk group) and patients with grade IIb, IIIa, IIIb at esophagus (high risk group). The two groups were then compared. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were included (low risk group [n=44] vs. high risk group [n=11]). Old age (p<0.001), large amount of ingestion (p<0.05), oropharyngeal symptoms (p<0.01), high SOFA score (p<0.001), high WBC count (p<0.05), low base excess (p<0.01), and HCO3 (p<0.05) were statistically significant factors in the high risk group. A poor prognosis was observed for hospital stay (p<0.001), ICU admission (p<0.001), mortality (p<0.01), and stricture (p<0.001) in the high risk group. CONCLUSION: Clinical characteristics including age, amount of ingestion, oropharyngeal symptoms, SOFA score, WBC count, base excess, and HCO3 can be helpful in the decision to undergo initial endoscopy and risk assessment by initial endoscopic severity can be helpful in predicting prognosis and determining the treatment plan.

Caustic Injury of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: 20 Year Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Caustic ingestion can cause severe injury to upper gastrointestinal tract. There were few studies about clinical characteristics and treatments of caustic injury in Korea. We investigated the changes in clinical features of caustic injury over the past 20 years including pattern of endoscopic mucosal injury and treatment modality. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of medical records from patients with caustic injury from September 1993 through December 2012. Patients were classified into two groups based on the year when caustic ingestion occurred: patients who visited the hospital from 1993 to 2002 (early group) and patients who visited the hospital from 2003 to 2012 (late group). RESULTS: A total 140 patients were included (early group [n=50] vs. late group [n=90]). Annual number of caustic ingestions did not show decreasing tendency over the past 20 years. Alkali ingestion increased (20.0% vs. 65.6%, p<0.001) and cases with more than grade 2b of esophageal mucosal injury decreased (41.3% vs. 20.7%, p=0.012) in late group. There were no differences between two groups in sex, age, proportion of accidental ingestion, and systemic/gastrointestinal complications. Use of gastric lavage (p<0.01) and broad spectrum antibiotics (p=0.03) decreased in late group. However, there was no difference in use of steroid between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, overall caustic ingestion did not decrease and ingestion of alkali agents increased over the past 20 years. Tighter legislation on caustic agents is required and we need to be alert to the best management of caustic injury.

Corrosive Esophagitis Caused by Ingestion of Picosulfate

Corrosive esophagitis is characterized by caustic injury due to the ingestion of chemical agents, mainly alkaline substances such as detergents. Esophageal bleeding, perforation, or stricture can be worsened by high-degree corrosive esophagitis. Picosulfate is a commonly used laxative frequently administered for bowel preparation before colonoscopy or colon surgery. Picosulfate powder should be completely dissolved in water before ingestion because the powder itself may cause chemical burning of the esophagus and stomach. Here, we report a case of corrosive esophagitis due to the ingestion of picosulfate powder that was not completely dissolved in water.

Use of sanitizing products: safety practices and risk situations / Uso de produtos saneantes: práticas de segurança e situações de risco

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the handling and risk factors for poisoning and/or digestive tract injuries associated with the use of sanitizing products at home. METHODS: interviews were conducted in 419 households from different regions, collecting epidemiological data from residents and risk habits related to the use and storage of cleaning products. RESULTS: sanitizing products considered to be a health risk were found in 98% of the households where the research was conducted, and in 54% of cases, they were stored in places easily accessible to children. Lye was found in 19%, followed by illicit products in 39% of homes. In 13% of households, people produced soap, and in 12% they stored products in non-original containers. The use of illicit products and the manufacture of handmade soap were associated with lower educational level of the household owners and with the regions and socioeconomic classes with lower purchasing power. CONCLUSIONS: risk practices such as inadequate storage, manufacturing, and use of sanitizing products by the population evidence the need for public health policies, including educational measures, as a means of preventing accidents. .

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a forma de utilização e os fatores de risco para intoxicações e/ou lesões do trato digestório associados ao uso dos produtos saneantes no domicílio. MÉTODOS: foram realizadas entrevistas em 419 domicílios de diferentes regiões, estabelecendo-se dados epidemiológicos dos moradores e hábitos de risco relacionados à utilização e armazenamento dos produtos de limpeza. RESULTADOS: dos domicílios onde foi realizada a pesquisa, havia produtos saneantes considerados de risco em 98%, sendo que em 54% dos casos, eles estavam armazenados em locais de fácil acesso para crianças. A soda cáustica estava disponível em 19% e os produtos "clandestinos" em 39% das moradias. Em 13% dos domicílios havia o hábito de fazer sabão e em 12% de armazenar os produtos fora da embalagem original. O uso de produtos clandestinos e a fabricação artesanal de sabão estavam associados à baixa escolaridade das donas das casas e às regiões e às classes econômicas de poder aquisitivo mais baixo. CONCLUSÕES: práticas de risco como armazenamento, fabricação e utilização inadequados de produtos saneantes pela população estudada apontam para a necessidade de políticas de saúde pública, incluindo medidas educacionais, como forma de prevenção de acidentes. .

Comparing the Possible Complications of Endoscopy Dependent on Time in Caustic Poisoned Patients

PURPOSE: Endoscopy has been recommended as a primary procedure for determining the extent of damage and prognosis in patients with caustic ingestions. Endoscopy within the first 24 hours has been suggested, however, such immediate endoscopy is not always possible. Therefore, we wanted to determine complications and possible delayed sequelae after the endoscopy performed dependent on time, including less than 24 hours and more than 24 hours, after ingestion of relatively high toxic caustic agents. METHODS: From January 2005 to May 2013, 105 consecutive patients were diagnosed with caustic poisoning in the emergency department of the Wonju Severance Christian Hospital. Out of 95 patients who underwent endoscopy, while excluding 49 patients who ingested sodium hypochlorite and 15 patients due to insufficient data, 41 patients were ultimately included. We compared general characteristics, complications related to endoscopy, late sequelae, total admission length, and mortality between two groups. RESULTS: Twenty eight patients (68.3%) were diagnosed with acid ingestion. Median endoscopy time was 17.8 (IQR 9.7-36.9) hours and performed in 16 patients (39%) after 24 hours. There were no complications, such as perforation and bleeding in either endoscopy within 24 hours group or endoscopy after 24 hours group. In addition, no difference in ingested materials, endoscopy grade, or late sequelae was observed between endoscopy within 24 hours group and endoscopy after 24 hours group. CONCLUSION: No difference in complications and late sequelae was observed between endoscopy within 24 hours group and endoscopy after 24 hours group when endoscopy was performed based on a clinician's assessment.